I Will Give It to You if You Get Snowed to Be on My Side Again
Item of engraving showing Scotswomen singing a waulking song while walking or fulling material, 1772 (from Pennant's Bout).
Fulling, also known every bit tucking or walking (Scots: waukin, hence often spelled waulking in Scottish English), is a step in woollen clothmaking which involves the cleansing of material (particularly wool) to eliminate oils, dirt, and other impurities, and to brand information technology thicker. The practise died out with the modernisation of the industrial revolution.
Process [edit]
Fulling involves ii processes: scouring and milling (thickening). Originally, fulling was carried out by the pounding of the woollen material with a gild, or the fuller's anxiety or hands. In Scottish Gaelic tradition, this procedure was accompanied by waulking songs, which women sang to set the pace. From the medieval period, all the same, fulling was often carried out in a water manufactory, followed past stretching the cloth on bang-up frames known every bit tenters, to which information technology is fastened by tenterhooks. It is from this process that the phrase being on tenterhooks is derived, as pregnant to be held in suspense. The expanse where the tenters were erected was known every bit a tenterground.
In Roman times, fulling was conducted by slaves working the fabric while ankle deep in tubs of human urine. Urine was and then of import to the fulling business concern that it was taxed.[1] Stale urine, known as wash, was a source of ammonium salts and assisted in cleansing and whitening the cloth. By the medieval flow, fuller'due south earth had been introduced for use in the process. This is a soft clay-like material occurring naturally as an impure hydrous aluminium silicate. It was used in conjunction with wash. More recently, soap has been used.
The second part of fulling was to thicken cloth by matting the fibres together to give it strength and increase waterproofing (felting). This was vital in the case of woollens, fabricated from carded wool, just not for worsted materials made from combed wool. Later on this stage, h2o was used to rinse out the foul-smelling liquor used during cleansing. Felting of wool occurs upon hammering or other mechanical agitation because the microscopic scales on the surface of wool fibres hook together, somewhat like claw and loop fixings.
History [edit]
At that place are several Biblical references to fulling (2 Kings xviii:17; Isaiah 7:iii and 36:ii; Malachi 3:2; Marker ix:3). In addition to this, at least one reference appears in the speeches of Lysias, written in Athens during the 5th century BC. Past the time of the Crusades in the belatedly eleventh century, fulling mills were active throughout the medieval world.[2] They announced to accept originated in 9th or 10th century in Europe. The earliest known reference to a fulling mill in French republic, which dates from about 1086, was discovered in Normandy.[3]
Mills [edit]
From the medieval menstruation, the fulling of fabric frequently was undertaken in a water manufactory, known every bit a fulling mill, a walk mill, or a constrict manufacturing plant, and in Wales, a pandy. In these, the cloth was beaten with wooden hammers, known as fulling stocks or fulling hammers. Fulling stocks were of two kinds, falling stocks (operating vertically) that were used just for scouring, and driving or hanging stocks. In both cases the machinery was operated by cams on the shaft of a waterwheel or on a tappet wheel, which lifted the hammer.
Driving stocks were pivoted so that the foot (the caput of the hammer) struck the fabric most horizontally. The stock had a tub holding the liquor and cloth. This was somewhat rounded on the side away from the hammer, so that the cloth gradually turned, ensuring that all parts of it were milled evenly. Notwithstanding, the cloth was taken out virtually every ii hours to disengage plaits and wrinkles. The 'foot' was approximately triangular in shape, with notches to assist the turning of the fabric.
In that location was a fulling manufactory established at Temple Guiting, Gloucestershire which was documented in the Domesday Volume.[four]
Legacy [edit]
The names for workers who performed these tasks (fuller, tucker, and walker [five]) have go common surnames.
The Welsh give-and-take for a fulling mill is pandy,[6] which appears in many place-names, for example Tonypandy ("fulling mill lea").
Run across as well [edit]
- Bleachfield
- Beetling
- List of laundry topics
- Posting (laundering procedure)
- Dadeumi, a similar traditional do in Korea
References [edit]
- ^ "Feeling Overtaxed? The Romans Would Tax Your Urine". History. 2016-04-fourteen. Retrieved 2021-09-xx .
- ^ Thomas Woods (2005), "How the Catholic Church building Built Western Civilization", How the Monks Saved Civilisation 33
- ^ J. Gimpel, The Medieval Machine (2nd ed., Pimlico, London 1992 repr.), xiv.
- ^ The Doomsday Book. Englands Heritage, Then and now.Book Club Associates, 1985. Editor:Thomas Hinde. Folio 107.
- ^ Jones, Gareth Daniel Rhydderch of Aberloch, reproduced from The Western Post July 17, 1933 accessed at "Daniel Rhydderch". Archived from the original on 2007-03-eleven. Retrieved 2007-04-07 . June 19, 2006
- ^ Arnold, James (1968). "Weaving". The Shell Book of State Crafts. John Baker (Publishers) Ltd. pp. 213–215.
Bibliography [edit]
- "full". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved June thirty, 2005.
- Eastward. K. Scott, "Early Fabric Fulling and its Mechanism", Trans. Newcomen Soc. 12 (1931), 30–52.
- East. Grand. Carus-Wilson, "An Industrial Revolution of the Thirteenth Century", Economic History Review, Old Series, xi(one) (1941), 39–threescore.
- Reginald Lennard, "Early English language Fulling Mills: boosted examples", Economic History Review, New Series, 3(iii) (1951), 342–343.
- R. A. Pelham, Fulling Mills (Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings, (mills booklet five), c. 1958)
- A. J. Parkinson, "Fulling mills in Merioneth", J. Merioneth Hist. & Rec. Soc. 9(four) (1984), 420–456.
- D. Druchunas Felting, Faddy Knitting, The Basics, Sixth & Spring Books, NY. (2005); p. x.
External links [edit]
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The dictionary definition of tenter at Wiktionary
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulling
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